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There are many differences that someone exposed only to American English will experience when they are exposed to International English, the form of English spoken by the British Commonwealth and the wider English-speaking world. This is complicated by International English being influenced by Australian English, British English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, each of which have their own cultural influences and variations. Note to Wikipedians: There are a vast number of resources on the net in this area, all of which are suprisingly inaccurate and incomplete, including this one. We hope the process here will lead to a more useful reference. SpellingSome words shared by all English speakers are spelled differently by Americans and Britons. Many of these are American "simplification" of the original spellings, often due to Noah Webster. In some cases, the American versions have found their way across the Atlantic and become common British usage as well, for example program. * Words ending in -our: British colour, favour, flavour, honour, humour, labour, savour, etc.; American color, favor, flavor, honor, etc. Also derivatives and inflected forms: British favourite, savoury; American favorite, savory. * Words ending in -re: British centre, fibre, metre, theatre; American center, fiber, meter, theater. Britons use meter for a measuring device and metre for the unit of measure. The British forms are recognizable by Americans and occasionally found in American texts, though their usage may be considered an affectation. * Verb past tenses with -t: British dreamt, leapt, learnt, spelt; American dreamed, leaped, learned, spelled. As with the "tre" words, these are occasionally found in American texts. The forms with -ed are also common in British English. (The two-syllable form learned is still used to mean "educated" in British English.) * Other verb past tense forms: British fitted, forecasted, knitted, lighted, wedded; American fit, forecast, knit, lit, wed. However, lit and forecast are also the usual forms in British English. Also, the American participle gotten is never used in British English, which uses got (as do some Americans). British usage retains the forgotten form, though. * Greek-derived words with ae and oe: British aeroplane, aesthetic, amoeba, anaesthesia, archaeology, diarrhoea, encyclopaedia, foetus, gynaecology, mediaeval; American airplane, esthetic, ameba, anesthesia, archeology, diarrhea, encyclopedia, fetus, gynecology, medieval. British manoeuvre seems to be a special case: its oe was not derived from Greek, but was apparently changed to maneuver in American English on the mistaken belief that it was. Some of the British forms are common in American usage as well, particularly aesthetic and amoeba. * Words ending in -gue: British analogue, catalogue, dialogue; American analog, catalog, dialog. The -gue forms are still common in some American usages such as demagogue. * Words ending in -ise: British colonise, harmonise, realise; American colonize, harmonize, realize. However, it is not really true that -ise is standard in British English: both the Oxford English Dictionary and [Fowler's Modern English Usage]? prefer -ize. Derivatives and inflected forms: British realisation; American realization. Also: British analyse; American analyze. * Words ending in -xion: British connexion, inflexion, reflexion; American connection, inflection, reflection. But the forms in -ction are the usual ones in British English too. * Nouns of direction with -wards: British forwards, upwards, afterwards, etc.; American forward, upward, afterward. However, there is no real distinction here, as both forms are used in both dialects, except that afterward is rare in British English. * British English generally doubles final -l when adding postfixes that begin with a vowel, where Amercian English doubles it only on stressed syllables. British counsellor, equalling, modelling, quarrelled, signalling, travelled; American counselor, equaling, modeling, quarreled, signaling, traveled. But compelled, excelling, propelled, rebelling in both. Britons sometimes use a single l before postfixes beginning with a consonant where Americans use a double: British enrolment, fulfilment, skilful; American enrollment, fulfillment, skillful. * British English often keeps silent e when adding postfixes where American English doesn't. British ageing, judgement, routeing; American aging, judgment, routing. Arguement is found in some places (like where?), though the form argument is universal in British English. * Nouns ending in -ce with -se verb forms: American English retains the noun/verb distinction in advice / advise (pronouncing them differently), but has lost the same distinction with licence / license and practice / practise that British English retains. American English uses "practice" exclusively for both meanings, and "license" for both meanings (although "licence" is an accepted variant spelling). Also, British defence, offence, pretence; American defense, offense, pretense. * Miscellaneous: British aluminium, cheque, draught, gaol, jewellery, kerb, mould, plough, pyjamas, programme, speciality, sulphur, tyre; American aluminum, check, draft, jail, jewelry, curb, mold, plow, pajamas, program, specialty, sulfur, tire. The word curb is used in British for the verb meaning "to lessen", but the edge of a roadway is always a kerb. British English uses both draught and draft, depending on the sense, and uses jail more often than gaol. The form program is normal in British English when referring to a computer program, but for other uses programme is usual. British use storey for a level of a building and story for a tale; Americans use story for both. Americans use vise for the tool and vice for the sin, while British use vice for both. Grammar* Collective nouns: Nouns like "team" and "company" that describe multiple people are often used with the plural form of a verb in British English, and with the singular form in American. British "the team are concerned"; American "the team is concerned". * Differences in which nouns are the same in both their plural and singular forms, such as the word "sheep". In American English "shrimp" is such a word but with British English the plural of "shrimp" is "shrimps". * In American English each element in a list is seperated by a comma ("one, two, and three") while in International English the last comma is superfluous ("one, two and three"). VocabularyThe differences most likely to create confusion are in the use of different words for concepts. Most of these are for modern concepts where new words were coined independently, or else the terms are slang or vulgar. Regional variations even within the US or the UK can create the same problems. It should also be noted that most American words can be freely interchanged with their British versions within the United Kingdom without leading to confusion. It tends to be only when the situation is reversed that problems occur. However, there are some exceptions, such as dumpster and stroller (in the sense of pushchair) which are unlikely to be understood by most speakers of British English. British American aerial antenna? arse ass (buttocks) barrister lawyer (litigator) * But the term Lawyer is often used in Britain biscuit cracker or cookie bollocks balls (testicles) (interchangeable in British English) bonnet hood? (of a car) boot trunk? (of a car) bloody damn (e.g., This bloody car won't start.) bum butt (buttocks) cafe diner? candy floss [cotton candy]? chemist pharmacist, pharmacy (interchangeable in British English) cheque check chips french fries concession discount? crisps chips? (e.g., potato or corn) current account [checking account]? dummy pacifier engaged tone [busy signal]? fag cigarette (fag = homosexual man in American English) fairy cake cupcake? fanny vagina (fanny = buttocks in American English) flat apartment? indicator [turn signal]? laundrette laundromat (interchangeable in British English) lift elevator (interchangeable in British English) limited (Ltd) incorporated? lorry truck? (interchangeable in British English) lounge [living room]? (interchangeable in British English) MD (managing director) CEO (Chief Executive Officer) mobile (phone) cell phone nappy diaper? paraffin kerosene petrol gasoline pavement sidewalk? pissed drunk (pissed = angry in both dialects) pram [baby carriage]? pudding dessert (interchangeable in British English) randy horny? (interchangeable in British English) ring someone call someone (interchangeable in British English) rubbish garbage? / trash settee couch? (interchangeable in British English) shag fuck? (interchangeable in British English) silencer muffler? skip dumpster? snogging ? necking ? solicitor lawyer (negotiator) sticking plaster Band-Aid? torch flashlight? (interchangeable in British English) tube subway underground subway In addition to these differences, the letter Z is pronounced zed in British English as opposed to zee in American English |
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