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The constitution provides for concurrent 4-year terms of office for the president, vice president, and members of Congress. Presidents may be re-elected after an intervening term, while legislators may be re-elected immediately. The executive branch includes 15 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors, like mayors and aldermen and parrish boards, are directly elected. Each 2 years, legislators are elected from the majority party. Congress meets throughout the year except for recess in July and December. There are twenty 7-member congressional committees. Justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Congress for indefinite terms. Political conditions Ecuador's political parties have historically been small, loose organizations that depended more on populist, often charismatic, leaders to retain support than on programs or ideology. Frequent internal splits have produced extreme factionalism. However, a pattern has emerged in which administrations from the center-left alternate with those from the center-right. Although Ecuador's political elite is highly factionalized along regional, ideological, and personal lines, a strong desire for consensus on major issues often leads to compromise. Opposition forces in Congress are loosely organized, but historically they often unite to block the administration's initiatives and to remove cabinet ministers. Constitutional changes enacted by a specially elected National Constitutional Assembly in 1998 took effect on August 10, 1998. The new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing Congress' power to challenge cabinet ministers. Party discipline is traditionally weak, and routinely many deputies switch allegiance during each Congress. However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a code of ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes. Beginning with the 1996 election, the indigenous population abandoned its traditional policy of shunning the official political system and participated actively. The indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in Ecuadorian politics, as shown by the selection of indigenous representative Nina Pacari, who led the indigenous political party, Pachakutik, as second vice president of the 1998 Congress. The next presidential and congressional elections are currently scheduled for 2002. |
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President Gustavo NOBOA (since 22 January 2000) following coup which deposed President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO (since 28 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government |
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President Gustavo Noboa (since 22 January 2000) following coup which deposed President Mahuad; Vice President Pedro Pinto (since 28 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government |
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President Gustavo NOBOA (since 22 January 2000) following coup which deposed President MAHUAD; Vice President Pedro PINTO (since 28 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government |
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President Gustavo Noboa (since 22 January 2000) following coup which deposed President Mahuad; Vice President Pedro Pinto (since 28 January 2000); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government |
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results of the last election prior to the coup were: Jamil MAHUAD elected president; percent of vote - 51% |
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results of the last election prior to the coup were: Jamil Mahuad elected president; percent of vote - 51% |
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a military-indigenous coup toppled democratically elected President Jamil MAHAUD on 21 January 2000; the military quickly handed power over to Vice President Gustavo NOBOA on 22 January; Congress then elected a new vice president from a slate of candidates submitted by NOBOA; the new administration is scheduled to complete the remainder of MAHAUD's term, due to expire in January 2003 |
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a military-indigenous coup toppled democratically elected President Jamil Mahuad on 21 January 2000; the military quickly handed power over to Vice President Gustavo Noboa on 22 January; Congress then elected a new vice president from a slate of candidates submitted by Noboa; the new administration is scheduled to complete the remainder of Mahuad's term, due to expire in January 2003 |
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Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes BUCARAM]; Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo BORJA Cevallos]; Ecuadorian Conservative Party or PCE [Freddy BRAVO]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Nina PACARI and Freddy EHLERS]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro RIVERA]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Jaime HURTADO Gonzalez]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian ALARCON, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Ortiz, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime NEBOT Saadi, president] |
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Concentration of Popular Forces or CFP [Averroes Bucaram]; Democratic Left or ID [Rodrigo Borja Cevallos]; Ecuadorian Conservative Party or PCE [Freddy Bravo]; Pachakutik-New Country or P-NP [Nina Pacari and Freddy Ehlers]; Popular Democracy or DP [Ramiro Rivera]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Jaime Hurtado Gonzalez]; Radical Alfarista Front or FRA [Fabian Alarcon, director]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala Bucaram Ortiz, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Jaime Nebot Saadi, president] |
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