Epinephrine

Also called adrenaline, C₉H₁₃NO₃. A catecholamine? hormone (sympathomimetic monoamine derived from the amino acids, phenylalanine and tyrosine) secreted (with noradrenaline? (norepinephrine?)) by the medulla of the adrenal gland, and by neurons of the [sympathetic nervous system]?. It is a stimulant of the nervous system.

The effects of high levels of this hormone are the "fight or flight" response - increased heart function, elevation in blood sugar levels by the increased hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose, cutaneous vasoconstriction making the skin pale and increasing the blood supply to major muscles, and raising of hairs on the neck.

Epinephrine is used medicinally as a stimulant in [cardiac arrest]?, as a vasoconstrictor? in [anaphylactic shock]?, as a bronchodilator? and antispasmodic? in acute bronchial asthma?, to lower intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma? and to treat acute chloroquine? poisoning. Adverse reactions can be palpitations, sinus tachycardia, anxiety, headache, tremor, fever and hypertension; with an overdose causing severe pulmonary arterial hypertension and the risk of acute [pulmonary oedema]?.

The hormone was first extracted in 1901 by Jokichi Takamine; it was synthesized in the lab in 1904 by [Friedrich Stolz]?.