It may seem surprising that the number of possible orderings of a deck of 52 playing cards is 8.065817517094e+67. That is a little bit more than 8 followed by 67 zeros. Comparing that number to some other large numbers, it is greater than the square of [Avogadro's number], 6.022e+23, "the number of atoms, molecules, etc. in a gram mole".
That large number, 52 factorial, is the product of all the natural numbers from one to fifty-two, the number of different orders the deck can have after shuffling. Calculating the number of ways that certain patterns can be formed is the beginning of combinatorics. Some very subtle patterns can be developed and some surprising theorems proved. One example of a surprising theorem is that of [Frank P. Ramsey] which essentially says (in mathematical language) that if you look hard enough, any pattern of stars can be found in the sky. It has been used to debunk claims that some patterns are especially meaningful.
Among the tools studied in Combinatorics are combinations, permutations, the pigeonhole principle, and others.
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