John F. Kennedy Space Center

Also called KSC. NASA space vehicle launch facility on Merritt Island in Florida. The site is midway between Jacksonville and Miami, it is 55km long and around 10km wide, covering 56,700 hectares. Around 17,000 people work at the site.

Operations are currently controlled from Launch Complex 39, the location of the Vehicle Assembly Building. 6km to the east of the assembly building are the two launch pads. 8km south is the KSC Industrial Area, where many of the Center's support facilities are located and the administrative headquarters.

History
The area had been used by the government since 1949 when President Truman established the Joint Long Range Proving Grounds at Cape Canaveral to test missiles. In 1951 the USAF established the Air Force Missile Test Center at nearby Banana River Naval Air Station. The first American sub-orbital rocket flights were achieved at Cape Canaveral in 1957. Following Sputnik the first attempted satellite lauch blew-up on December 6, 1957. NASA was founded in 1958 and the site was transformed into a major launch site. Redstone, Jupiter, Pershing, Polaris, Thor, Atlas, Titan and Minuteman missiles were all tested from the site, the Thor becoming the basis for the expendable launch vehicle (ELV) Delta rocket, which launched Telstar 1 in July 1962. The announcement of the lunar program led to an expansion of operations from the Cape to the adjacent Merritt Island. NASA began acquisition in 1962, taking title to 33,952 hectares by outright purchase and negotiating with the state of Florida for an additional 22,600 hectares. In July 1962 the site was named the Launch Operations Center. It was renamed the John F. Kennedy Space Center in December 1963.

The lunar project had three stages - Mercury, Gemini and Apollo. The objective of Mercury was to orbit and retrieve a manned Earth satellite. The project started in October 1957 using the Atlas ICBM as the base to carry the Mercury payload. but early testing used the Redstone rocket for a series of suborbital flights including the 15-minute flights of Alan Shepard on May 5 and Virgil Grissom on July 21, 1961. The first human carried by an Atlas was John Glenn on February 20, 1962.

From the knowledge gained through Mercury the more complex two-man capsules of Gemini were prepared as was a new launcher based on the Titan II ICBM. The first manned flight took place on March 23, 1965 with John Young and Virgil Grissom. Gemini 4 featured the first extravehicular activity. by Edward H. White. There were twelve Gemini launches from KSC.

The Apollo program had another new launcher - the three stage Saturn V (111m high and 10m in diameter), built by Boeing (first stage), North American Aviation (engines and second stage) and Douglas Aircraft (third stage). North American Aviation also made the command and service modules while Grumman Aircraft Engineering constructed the lunar landing spacecraft. IBM, MIT and GE provided instrumentation.

At KSC a $800m massive new launch centre was built to take this new launcher - Launch Complex 39. It included a hanger to hold four Saturn V rockets, the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB, 3.68m meters³); a transportation system from the hanger to the launch pad, capable of carrying 5440 tonnes; a 136 meter movable service structure and a control center. construction began in November 1962, the launch pads were completed by October 1965, the VAB was completed in June 1965, the infrastucure by late 1966. From 1967 through 1973, there were 13 Saturn V launches from Complex 39.

Prior to the Saturn V launches there were a series of smaller Saturn I and IB launches to test the men and equipment from Complex 34 on the Cape Canaveral site. The death of three astronauts by fire on Apollo-Saturn 204 (later designated Apollo 1) on January 27, 1967 occured at Complex 34.

The first Saturn V test launch, Apollo 4 (Apollo-Saturn 501) began its 104 hour countdown on October 30, 1967 and, after delays, was launched on November 9. Apollo 7 was the first manned test on October 11, 1968. Apollo 8 made 10 lunar orbits on December 24-25, 1968. Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 tested the lunar lander. Apollo 11 was launched on July 16, 1969 and the Moon was walked on at 10.56 pm, July 20. the Apollo program continued at KSC, through Apollo 14 (1971), the 24th American manned space flight (40th in the world), until Apollo 17 of December 1972.

ELV rocket development also continued at KSC, prior to Apollo a Atlas-Centaur launched from Launch Complex 36 had put the first American Surveyor spacecraft softly on the Moon on May 30, 1966. A further five out of seven Surveyor craft were also successfully transferred to the Moon. From 1974-1977 the powerful Titan-Centaur became the new heavy lift vehicle for NASA, launching the Viking and Voyager series of spacecraft from Launch Complex 41, a Air Force site lent to NASA. Complex 41 later became the launch site for the most powerful unmanned U.S. rocket, the Titan IV, developed for the Air Force.

The Saturn V was also used to put Skylab? 1 through 4 into orbit between 1970 and 1973.

KSC was also the launch site for the Space Shuttle, reusing the Complex 39 Apollo infrastructre, as well as the landing site, with a 4.6km runway built as the Shuttle Landing Facility. The first launch was of Columbia on April 12, 1981. Twenty-five flights had been completed by September 1988, with a large hiatus from January 28, 1986 to September 29 1988 following the Challenger disaster.