19th century
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Centuries
:
Year in Review 19th Century
(
18th century
-
19th century
-
20th century
)
Decades
:
1800s
1810s
1820s
1830s
1840s
1850s
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
Events
:
Napoleon
conquers much of Europe, is ultimately defeated (1814) and the old European regimes are restored.
Final phase of the
Industrial Revolution
, including
Rail Transport
,
telegraph
, and
telephone
.
Discovery of the relationships between magnetism and electricity and light by
Hans Christian Ørsted
and
James Maxwell
. See
History of Science and Technology
.
Mass migration from
Europe
to the
United States
.
Political revolution and constitutional reform across Europe severely limits powers of monarchs, advances democracy.
Slavery
ended in British colonies and in America. See
American Civil War
. End of global slave trade enforced by British navy.
Charles Darwin
revolutionizes biology with his theories of
evolution
, 1858.
Europeans
colonize large parts of
Africa
and
Asia
Karl Marx
writes the Communist Manifesto, encouraging workers to revolt against owners
[Meji Restoration]
?
in
1868
opens
Japan
to modern influences and returns the emperor to power
Germany
and
Italy
are formed as nations.
Significant persons
:
Otto von Bismarck
, German politician
Napoleon Bonaparte
, French emperor
Charles Darwin
, biologist
Ludwig van Beethoven
, composer
Charles Dickens
, author
Benjamin Disraeli
, novelist and politician
Abraham Lincoln
, American president
Karl Marx
, political philosopher and economist
Mark Twain
(Samuel Clemens), author